 Three Claims, Four Validities - Chapter 3 Variables Variables vs. constants Measured or manipulated IMPORTANT: Dependent variables = measured, Independent variables = manipulated Constants are controlled From conceptual variable to operational definition Broad statement to specific measure Measured and Manipulated Variables Measured variables are observed and recorded. Manipulated variables are controlled. Some variables can only be measured, not manipulated. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured. From Conceptual Variable to Operational Definition Conceptual variables are common in psychology (anxiety; temperament). Operational definitions help define abstract concepts. Three Claims Frequency claims Association claims Causal claims Not all claims are based on research. Frequency Claims Frequency claims describe a particular rate or degree of a single variable. Frequency claims involve only ONE MEASURED VARIABLE. Example of Freq. Claim: 1 in 25 U.S teens attempt suicide. Association Claims Association claims argue that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable. Association claims involve at least TWO MEASURED VARIABLES. Variables that are associated are correlated. Example of Association Claim: Single people eat fewer vegetables. Video |
What is the difference between an association claim and a causal claim?
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